Four Pillars of Research Ethics

Informed Consent

Participants must understand what the study involves and agree to take part voluntarily.

Minimise Harm

Research should not cause physical or psychological harm beyond what participants experience in daily life.

Confidentiality

Personal data must be protected. Results should be reported in a way that individuals cannot be identified.

Right to Withdraw

Participants can leave the study at any time without penalty, and their data should be removed on request.

Based on the Belmont Report (1979) and APA Ethics Code